The secondary sanctions targeted firms in Hong Kong and mainland China but stopped short of listing major Chinese financial institutions, a step that would destabilize US-China relations a month before US President Trump and Chinese President Xi Jinping meet in Washington.

China buys roughly 90% of Iran's oil exports through independent "teapot" refiners that Beijing has continued to shield from US sanctions imposed earlier this year. Analysts note Beijing privately wants the US-Iran conflict resolved given the strain that Strait of Hormuz disruptions place on the broader global economy, including China's own oil imports from Saudi Arabia and Iraq.